Apple.Inc Pros and Cons

Apple Inc. is the best in the world at innovative product development. Because the company develops hardware, software, and associated digital services rather than just focusing on one dimension, it can provide an unmatched user experience. This allows Apple to capture high margins from its products and services. But by my definition, product development is not supply chain management; procurement, manufacturing, and logistics are. That said, Apple Inc. has a fascinating supply chain that is very different from traditional supply chains.This supply chain comes with pre-built advantages and disadvantages. On the advantage side, demand management is easier. Apple doesn’t have to get the demand forecast for a new product right. As long as it underestimates demand for a hot new product, Apple will have loyal customers clamoring for the new devices and willing to wait. In fact, the projected backlog leads customers to line up for hours before stores open to buy a new product. This helps to create marketing buzz. Because Apple Inc. has become so large, it has procurement advantages smaller rivals can’t match.Financial analysts are beginning to focus on Apple’s supply chain. Samsung lost $10 billion in market value when Apple placed a huge order for flash memory with Elpida, securing more than half of that company’s supply. Apple reportedly has price advantages in securing key components, manufacturing capacity, capital equipment, and airfreight capacity. Like other companies that have huge procurement clout, when Apple asks a supplier for a price quote, it demands a detailed accounting of how the manufacturer arrived at the quote, including estimates for labor and material costs and projected profit.Manufacturers can get hit with penalties for quality issues and warranty claims. Apple is becoming so big that even though it has a number of customized components that it has to pay extra for, the company’s cost structure is starting to resemble that of some of its rivals that only source common components. But other parts of the supply chain become more difficult for a company that differentiates itself based on product excellence. Apple Inc. works to lock up the supply of key components, particularly custom components, with exclusivity agreements.This serves to protect the uniqueness of its products. In some cases, Apple invests in capital equipment to make these special components (the company lends the production equipment to its manufacturing partner). At times this production machinery becomes Apple exclusive either because of exclusivity agreements or because Apple is so large that a backlog for the equipment becomes horrifically long. Managing new product launches is also more important for a â€Å"fashion† manufacturer. The process from design to production launch typically takes 10 months. Read more about Pros and Cons Of ReligionThis includes sourcing, testing, government approvals (like FCC approval for an iPhone), and factory dry runs. For weeks prior to the launch, factories work overtime to build hundreds of thousands of devices. Then they work more overtime to clear the backlogs. According to Apple Inc. ’s supplier responsibility progress report, the company’s standard labor policy is for workers to work a maximum of 60 hours per week and to get at least one day off per week. And yet, at 93 of its suppliers, more than 50 percent of their workers exceeded these rather low limits.In fact, working conditions at Foxconn, Apple’s partner for final assembly and some core components, have been bad enough that Apple has gotten a bit of a black eye from press reports of accidents, suicides, and labor strife. While the existing customer base has largely ignored these labor relations problems, the demographics of the people that buy Apple products indic ate a concern for social responsibility. Further, the Chinese market is becoming very important to Apple, and closer Chinese governmental scrutiny could affect shipments. What is different about Apple’s launch planning is the extreme secrecy attached to it.Apple places electronic monitors in some boxes of components to track them from Apple’s headquarters in Cupertino. The goal is to discourage leaks and ensure customer delight and surprise when the products hit the market. One article claims that Apple has shipped devices in plain boxes, even tomato boxes, to avoid detection. But Apple Inc. , like many companies in the electronics industry, has a supply chain with a high-risk profile. Many of its key components come from northern Taiwan, the company sole sources several customized components, and it relies on massive factories located in Shenzhen, China for final assembly.Any sort of man-made or natural disaster at any of these sites could potentially grind Apple†™s supply chain to a halt. In conclusion, Apple Inc. ’s new CEO, Tim Cook, is a supply chain guy with a strong reputation. He is working to improve the company’s reputation for social responsibility. But if I were Apple, I’d rather have another product development guru like Steve Jobs. To drive continued growth and margins, the company needs to continue to excel at product development, but only needs to be competent in supply chain management.

Important qualities of a good supervisor (boss) Essay

Everyone wants to be a boss but there are only a few people who can achieve this position and also get the title of a good boss. Frankly speaking, it is difficult to describe the most important qualities of being boss. Different people may have different reasons for their different criteria of an ideal boss. However, I will do my best, to describe an outstanding boss in the following paragraphs. One of the most important qualities of the best boss is leadership qualities. He/she can lead team work to right way, so he/she must organize the member of team and divide the work on them depending on their skills. A good boss must be responsible of every step and detail of the working process. And all this stuff can help to increase the productivity of the company. Other important quality of a perfect boss is patience. A boss has to be more patient for his/her employees. This quality is necessary for everyone who wants to be a good boss. Mankind is not perfect that is why it is impossible to avoid making mistakes. Because of this reason, supervisor has to be more patient in order to teach and train his/her employees the specifics of the job. In conclusion an outstanding boss it is a person who possesses many qualities. However, on the top of all qualities, a good supervisor must organize and manage all working process i.e. be leader. Then he/she has to take care about people who work under his/her supervision. For me a good boss must be honest, responsible and expert in working, and have good management skills.

Nicholson and Riley “Indiana writers in history”

Nicholson and Riley are two of the most celebrated Indiana writers in history. Their portrayal of the culture is outstanding considering they each didn†t completed high school. Their writings came from the heart of Indiana. They are both considered true sons of Central Indiana. In the essays they both had different views of Indiana, but both were leaning on the same premise of homey, beautiful and comfortable. Riley and Nicholson brought a real feel to the images they wrote about.. The two writers created an â€Å"atmosphere† about Indiana that everyone would enjoy. Riley and Nicholson saw different things in Indiana and they both loved the state and all aspects of it. The traditions the authors created were some of pride and glory of the difference they had between other states. Hoosiers were rather bias when it came to there own state. They thought of it as state in which someone really didn†t wanted to leave and if they did they were always happy to come back. In Nicholson†s essay on Indianapolis he states that Indiana people think the more they travel to other states the more they like their own city or state. Hoosiers were proud to be from this state. They felt that other states only dreamt of possessing this same pride and glory. Maybe a false tradition Riley created could have been that a reader from another state reads this and has never been to Indiana, will think that everyone in Indiana is a low-educated, hillbilly, a hick from the back woods. The fact is, education wasn†t highly needed on the farm. But a farming education is still and education. They skills they learned on the farm where just as valuable as the skills you learn in the classroom. Each writer did speak of the neighborliness of the people in the state and how they would give someone anything they had to offer. This lifestyle is s imilar to the current Morman way of life. They each mention how earthly Hoosiers were by putting trees on the sidewalks in the city and the swimmin†-hole they loved as children. Nicholson talked about the city of Indianapolis and how it had a natural feeling. However this feeling can also be translated to the entire state. This was because of Indiana†s low urbanization and education. The people didn†t need all the high tech trains and whistles in their state they liked. That is just the way it was. The authors† spoke of the kindness the people in the state, even for strangers. Indiana was safe and women could go to the market without having to worry about being attacked or robbed. Riley made points about the everyday life of the normal Hoosier and the things they went though. Riley talked about punkins† and how the people didn†t come up with many ideas of their own but when they did, they stood by them. The writers celebrated many traditions of Indiana in their own special way. Riley and Nicholson brought different experiences to the readings. Riley gave the real dialect of the people of Indiana and how they spent their days on the farms, while Nicholson talked about the kindheartedness of the people of Indiana. In all my trips to Indiana and while living here, I have found that Nicholson†s writings of the people back then hasn†t really changed that much. One of the factors while choosing Butler as my University, was the Gentleness of the Indiana culture. The two writers, in their writings made a pretty complete picture of Indiana. But it appears they both left out the northerner Indiana people.. They concentrated on the central and border southerner, but rarely mentioned the north. While the role of the Northerners culture was minor, their Indiana†s traditions and values were substantial. The Northerners played a function in the diversity of the state and the cultural cradle Indiana formed in the Midwest. While I have resided in Illinois my entire life, and now reside in Indiana, I see the differences in the people of Indiana and the pride they feel for their state. Illinois may not feel such a pride since their culture around the Chicago area is so diverse. There are many residents that come from all over the world. In Indiana, their roots are from the farm communities where their forefathers sweated blood and tears to farm their land, feed and educate their children, and die trying. Riley and Nicholson just put into words all the feelings the people of Indiana feel. After reading these excerpts, you realize, the Indiana people know all this but it was nice to read about why they feel so strongly about their state. Now Bobby Knight might be a different story!

What Is SAT Score Choice Why Should You Care

What Is SAT Score Choice Why Should You Care SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips . College Board's SAT Score Choice policy, started in 2009, means just what it sounds like. Well, you can't choose your scores - "I'll take a 2400, please!" - but you can choose which score reports you send to colleges. If you take the SAT more than once, then you can decide which scores get sent and which ones remain for your eyes only. Since we're always thinking strategically when it comes to the SAT, this article will discuss not just how Score Choice works, but also how you can use it to your advantage. First, what exactly is SAT Score Choice? What Is SAT Score Choice? If you're a high schooler taking the SAT, it's probably safe to assume you're applying to college. Part of your application is sending your SAT score reports, which is done through your College Board account. The Score Choice option lets you choose which score reports get sent and which ones don't. You can choose a score report by test date, or by individual test for an SAT Subject Test. You can't choose individual sections, like just sending your math score from January and your Reading and Writing scores from April, for example. Many colleges superscore your SAT, or take your highest section scores across all test dates, anyway, so this shouldn't cause much concern. If your schools have a policy of superscoring the SAT, is there any reason to use Score Choice and leave some score reports out? I'd say probably not, unless you have one that's a real outlier, like you were sick that day or performed way belowthe level you expected to. If you think it could look bad to admissions officers, then you might use Score Choice to leave that score report out. If you don't elect to useScore Choice, then College Board will send all your available scores to the colleges you listed as score recipients. Before this policy was implemented in 2009, students had no option of leaving out score reports. Sounds stressful, right? According to College Board, Score Choice is meant to reduce stress, improve the test day experience, and give students more control over their test results. I suspect that College Board is also trying to remain competitive with its ever more popular counterpart, the ACT, which has always allowed students to choose whichscore reports to send by test date. While I touched upon the logistics of this optionalready, let's look in more detail at exactly how SAT Score Choice works when you're sending your scores to colleges. The College Board carrier pigeons are ready at your command. How Does Score Choice Work? Your College Board account is your one stop to register for the SAT, view your scores, and send your score reports. When you register for the SAT, you can add four score recipients for free. You can edit these up to 9 days after your registration. After that, additional colleges cost $11.25, unless you qualify for an SAT fee waiver. If you've taken the SAT more than once, then you can use Score Choice to decide which score reports go to which colleges. You'll see a screen that looks something like this: If you don't use Score Choice, then College Board will send all your scores to the schools you indicate. There is one important limitation of Score Choice to be aware of when you're listing out your score recipients. Limitation of SAT Score Choice As I mentioned above, you can list up to 4 score recipients for free when you register for the SAT or for up to 9 days after.That means the scores from your future test, which you won't have taken yet, will be automatically sent to those 4 schools. Unfortunately, you can't signin and cancel those score reports if you're disappointed with your scores, since they'll be sent to your colleges at pretty much the same time they become available to you, about three weeks after you test. If you want to see those scores before they're sent off to admissions officers and have the financial means to do, then you might consider forgoing those 4 free score reports. Of course, this is only a possibility if you have enough time before your deadlinesto receive your scores before sendingthem. If you want total control over which score reports get sent, then you might not want to use the 4 free score reports at the time of registration. WhileCollege Board offers Score Choice to improve the test day experience for students, sadlynot all colleges are so amenable. There are some schoolsthat are strongly anti-Score Choice. Before using it, make sure you research your schools' policies toward SAT scores. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Know Your Colleges' SAT Score Policies Not all colleges look at your SAT scores in exactly the same way. Some colleges, like Brown, Columbia, Harvard, University of Connecticut, and University of Virginia, superscore your test and take your highest section scores across all test dates. If your colleges superscore, then there might not be much reason to use Score Choice, unless you had a really off test day and wanted to keep that score report private. Other schools, like Arizona State, Colorado State, and University of Wisconsin, will look at your "highest sitting," meaning they won't take a math score from one date and a reading score from another. If this is the case, then you might use Score Choice to just send the score report from your best test date. Regardless of whether they have a superscoring or "highest sitting" policy, some of these schools tell you not to use Score Choice and to send all your available scores. For instance,Cornell says it "requires students to submit all scores from SAT tests taken and does not participate in the College Board's Score Choice." Stanford has the same policy, which it extends to the ACT, as well: "Applicants may not use the College Board's Score Choice feature or "hide" any scores with either testing agency." While College Board has done its part to improve the test day experience and give students more control over their test scores, unfortunately not all colleges are on board. Some other schools that have a "send all scores" policy are Duke, University of Pennsylvania, and Rice University. While these schools technically can't stop you from using Score Choice, they consider it a matter of integrity and honesty in your application that you'll abide by their policies. Before using Score Choice, make sure you research your colleges' policies towards SAT scores and score reporting so you know whether you should or are even allowed to use Score Choice. If you can't find this information on their admissions website, you can call an admissions office directly and ask what their stance is on SAT scores and College Board's Score Choice. Besides allowing you to leave out SAT scores that you don't think are up to par, does SAT Score Choice have any other advantages for students? Actually, it could affect how you prep and when you take the SAT. What Does SAT Score Choice Mean to You? Having the option of SAT Score Choice is another good reason to take the SAT more than once. Students almost always improve when they retake the SAT, especially if they do focused test prep on their areas of weakness between tests. Some students even take advantage of superscoring policies to build up a high composite score section by section. With this strategy, you might prep intensively for math before one test date, forreading for the next, and for writing for the third date. This approach could help focus your studying, reduce pressure, and maximize your overall scores to a higher peak than you could reach on any one single test date. Even with the option of leaving some score reports out, I wouldn't recommend taking the SAT any more than 5 or 6 times. The time and money spent on all these official tests could probably be better spent on test prep. If you're studying effectively, then you should be able to achieve your target scores within 6 tests. If not, you would probably be better served by adjusting your approach to test prep than by taking the SAT one more time. Of course, not every student has the luxury of time nor money to retake the SAT this many times. In a sense, Score Choice favors those who can afford multiple test dates and prep materials. While it's a policy that works in students' advantage, it also could be viewed partly as one more way that students from higher socio-economic backgrounds have an advantage when it comes to achieving strong SAT scores for their college applications. SAT Score Choice is a great option if you have a fluke testing day or scores you'd rather not share with admissions officers. It's another good reason to take the SAT multiple times, if you have the time and means to do so. While it may or may not impact your testing strategy, let's sum up the major takeaways you can gather from this SAT Score Choice policy. Takeaways of SAT Score Choice SAT Score Choice lets you choose which scores to send to colleges by test date at no extra cost. You can customize your score reporting toeach individual college you're applying to. Make sure to research your colleges' policies, so you know if they superscore, taking the highest sitting, and/or require you to send all your scores. Retaking the SAT (if possible) is a very good idea, especially since Score Choice allows you to pick and choose which scores to send to colleges. If you're strategic about your testing plan and schedule, then you can use these policies to your advantage and earnstrong SAT scores. Plus, you can breathe easy if you happen to have an off day or don't achieve the scores you want the first time around. As the old saying goes, "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again! And then use SAT Score Choice." What's Next? For the full list of colleges that superscore the SAT, check out our complete guide here. You can also see all the schools that require you to send all your scores. For whatever reason, they're not big fans of SAT Score Choice. Are you deciding when to take the SAT for the first time (or second or third)? Read about how to choose your test dates and schedule your test prep around your testing plan. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Distribution of States Essays

Distribution of States Essays Distribution of States Essay Distribution of States Essay Should India be broken up into smaller states? After the decision to give statehood to Telangana, many analysts want a new States Reorganization Commission. India today has 28 states. Assuming 20% population growth since the last census, Uttar Pradesh has 198 million people, more than Brazil, Russia or Pakistan. Maharashtra has 106 million, West Bengal 96 million and Andhra Pradesh 90 million. All are much bigger than France or Britain. At the other end of the scale, Sikkim has just 0. 6 million people, Mizoram 1. 1 million and Arunachal Pradesh 1. 3 million.Clearly, statehood has been determined by political expediency, not logic. Is there an economic case for carving smaller states out of large ones? Some analysts say small states won’t be economically viable. Others believe small states will fare better, since ordinary people will have better access to power elites. Consider the record of three states carved out of larger ones in 2000 Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand. Ignore data for the first few transitional years. Instead, focus on the average growth rate of gross state domestic product for the last five years, from 2004-05 to 2008-09.Amazingly, all three new states have grown fabulously fast. Uttarakhand has averaged 9. 31% growth annually, Jharkhand 8. 45%, and Chattisgarh 7. 35%. All three states belong to what was historically called the BIMARU zone, a slough of despond where humans and economies stagnated. Out of this stagnant pool have now emerged highly dynamic states. Some caveats are in order. The central government exempted industries in Uttarakhand from excise duty, a concession already applicable to other hill states such as Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir and the north-eastern states.Many big industries rushed to Uttarakhand for the tax break, giving the state’s growth an artificial boost. Still, Uttarakhand easily outperformed Himachal Pradesh (8. 47%) and Kashmir (5. 98%). Remember, Uttarakhand was once considered the poorest, most backward part of UP. After statehood, it has become a growth champion. Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh were the most backward parts of Bihar and Madhya Pradesh, which in turn were among the most backward states of India. Yet, after becoming separate states, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh have emerged as industrial dynamos.Both have large tribal belts with pathetic infrastructure. In Chhattisgarh, four-fifths of habitations lack road access. Both states have ample minerals like coal and iron ore. But this was not an economic advantage when they were part of larger states. Rather, their mineral revenues were diverted to state capitals. This diversion ended after they became separate states. Their rapid economic growth has been tainted by massive corruption. Sheer money power enabled an independent, Madhu Koda, to become chief minister of Jharkhand and rule for years.He handed out dozens of mining licences, instead of auctioning them to the highest bidder. Alas, this problem affects the whole of India: Natural resources from coal to the telecom spectrum are constantly gifted to favoured parties instead of being auctioned, and this enables politicians to amass fortunes. But just as the telecom revolution has been good for India despite corruption, so has private entry into mining and processing. Jharkhand and Chattisgarh are not growing fast simply through mining.They have experienced a manufacturing boom. Read what research firm Indicus Analytica has to show: Since 2001, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh have moved up into the top 10 (industrial states), displacing Rajasthan and Punjab The phenomenal growth in these two states has seen the share of manufacturing in their GDP rise dramatically as they have attracted industrial projects. Looking at the share of income that originates in the manufacturing sector, these two states have shown higher levels than Maharashtra, Haryana and Tamil NaduBeing newer and smaller states, they responded more rapidly than their larger - and in some cases better endowed neighbours†¦ Raipur in Chhattisgarh has now entered the top 10 districts of India in manufacturing, with two industrial estates at Urla and Siltara. Now, millions of tribals have been bypassed, especially in remote areas where Maoism flourishes. However, the biggest tribal agitations against giant mining projects are in Orissa. The big Jharkhand projects of Tata and Mittal are in limbo since the state has stalled land acquisition.The neglect of tribals and consequent rise of Maoism is a blot on the record of Jharkhand and Chattisgarh. The creation of the vigilante Salwa Judum to counter Maoists in Chattisgarh has widely been condemned for violating civil rights. The two states account for 68% of all Maoist attacks. That’s bad for civil rights and security. Yet, achieving fast growth amidst such insurgency is a major economic feat. It highlights the dynamism created when backward regions become separate states. Hopefully, this economic dynamism will help mitigate the backwardness on which Maoism thrives.

Thanksgiving -- Social Science Facts about the Holiday

Thanksgiving Social Science Facts about the Holiday Thanksgiving is the happiest day in the U.S., according to a report from Facebooks Data Science team. This result came out of a 2009 study the social science giant conducted on happiness as measured by the word content of posts by its users. To conduct the study researchers counted positive versus negative words in status updates, and created a scale to measure which days are happier than others. Thanksgiving far outranked any other day of the year in terms of what they call Gross National Happiness. In fact, it outranked the average day by about 25 points on the scale and outranked Christmas- the second happiest day- by about 11 points. But does this really mean that Thanksgiving is the happiest day? Not necessarily. Given that what we share on social media is in large part influenced by social expectations and crowd behavior, its possible that Thanksgiving is actually the day when the greatest number of us perform happiness. Either way, its a nice thing, isnt it? Women Are Most Thankful for Friends, Family, and Health What are people most thankful for? Facebook has the answer for that too. During 2014 a gratitude challenge made the rounds on the site. Users who participated posted daily for upwards of a week about things that they were grateful for, and asked others to do the same. Facebooks Data Science team took the widespread popularity of the challenge as an opportunity to study what it is that people are most grateful for. They found some interesting results. Firstly, and importantly, they found that 90 percent of those who participated in the challenge were women, so what the study really tells us is what  women  are grateful for. So what is that? In order of rank:  friends, family, health, family and friends, a job, a husband, children, housing, life, and music. Analysis of how users participated in the challenge also revealed that while people are thankful for friends across age groups, older users are most likely to list spouse and family as more important (based on order of rank) than friends. It is perhaps unsurprising that people are most grateful for those closest to them, and for feeling healthy and well. Where the data get really interesting are at the state level. People in California and Virginia are more grateful for YouTube than people in other states, while Google is prized by those in Kansas, Netflix in New Hampshire, and Pinterest in Vermont. The challenge revealed that gratitude for god and religion are common in the southern states, and in Idaho and Utah. Finally, gratitude for seasonal weather patterns and phenomena like rainbows were common across many states too. Thanksgiving is Less Expensive Today than Two Decades Ago (Unless Youre a Gourmet Foodie) Every year since 1985 the American Farm Bureau Federation has calculated the cost of a Thanksgiving meal for ten people. While nominally that number has risen from $28.74 in 1986 to $50.11 in 2015, the real cost of a Thanksgiving meal has actually  declined  since 1986 when one accounts for inflation. Its actually about 20 percent cheaper today than it was nearly two decades ago. Why is this the case? Its likely due to a combination of government subsidies to large-scale farming operations, and the low cost of produce imported from Central and South America, thanks to NAFTA, CAFTA, and other free trade agreements. That is, of course, unless youre a hipster or a gourmet foodie. In those cases, as Time  estimated in 2014, the added value of an organic, free-range, or heritage turkey, and organic, locally-sourced vegetables and dairy will run upwards of $170 to $250 for that party of ten.

20 5-Paragraph Essay Topics Issue Relevant to Povert that You Must Discuss in an Essay

20 5-Paragraph Essay Topics Issue Relevant to Povert that You Must Discuss in an Essay If you are searching for topics on the culture of poverty for a 5 paragraph essay, look over the 20 topics supplied in the list below. These topics cover a diversified selection of ideas. They all tackle multiple aspects of the theory of the culture of poverty including influences that pour into it, and theories which have since stemmed from it. This list of varied topics is meant to support your endeavor, offering some guidance on subject matter appropriate for your next assignment. It is incumbent upon you to review the assignment details given to you by your teacher and from there, review the list of potential ideas below to find something which best suits your task. The Traits that Characterize the Culture of Poverty Marriage as a Route to Poverty Creation of Benefits among Impoverished Subcultures Legitimacy of Blaming Poor People for Poverty Factors Contributing to the Creation of Welfare Nation Impact of Poverty on Nations Worldwide Poverty in Rich Countries: The Case of America Social Learning Theories: The Use of Culture of Poverty Global Problems and Culture of Poverty Impact of Long Term Poverty: Understanding Culture of Poverty Concentrated Poverty: Cultural Influences Does Job Creation Reduce Poverty? Validity of the Culture of Poverty Theory Re-Evaluating Culture of Poverty for Modern Society The Evolution of the Debate on Poverty Influence of Kaaryn Gustafson on Culture of Poverty Influence of Mario Luis Small on Culture of Poverty Culture of Poverty Influence on Politics Culture of Poverty Influence on Welfare Reform Consequences of Culture of Poverty Sample 5-Paragraph Essay â€Å"The Traits That Characterize the Culture of Poverty† The theory of a culture of poverty is something which was created in 1959 when a book was published by an anthropologist named Oscar Lewis. This book was titled Five Families: Mexican Case Studies in the Culture of Poverty. The culture of poverty theory is one which states that living in conditions where poverty high rates of poverty are observed in high amounts will lead to creation of a culture or even a subculture which has adapted to the conditions of poverty.   This culture has been characterized by the ever present feelings of being marginalized, feeling dependent, being helpless, and feeling powerless. Individuals who live inside of a culture of poverty have no real sense of history and therefore they lack knowledge needed to alleviate the conditions in which they live through collective action. Instead they focus only on their individual problems. When poverty is imposed on a population that structure can actually lead to the development of a culture of poverty. This result s in individuals becoming autonomous, and developing attitudes and behaviors which are passed down from one generation to the next through socialization. The ethnography in which this theory made its first appearance renders poor people as a legitimate subject transformed by poverty. The original ethnography argued that the burdens of poverty are systematic and when the burdens are imposed upon members of society they form a subculture. This culture is formed by children who are socialized into attitudes and behaviors which perpetuate poverty and create their own inability to escape the impoverished environment in which they live. This theory further acknowledges that all past factors which have created this condition of society including substandard education and housing as well as a lack of job opportunities, sufficient social services with persistent discrimination and racial segregation together no longer matter. This theory perpetuates the notion that the cause of poverty and present behavior and the attitude of the poor people themselves. This would imply that public assistance to those who are poor, in the form of direct assistance or welfare will not eliminate poverty because the poverty is inherent within the culture of the poor. By following the reasoning laid out by this anthropologist the blame for poverty is shifted from the economic and social conditions and placed upon the poor people themselves. A great deal of the evidence presented in the original publication in support of this theory suffers from fallacies in the methodology. Because of this, when publicly criticized during the 1970s the theory became less influential but did make a comeback in the early 2000. During this time it impacted welfare reform once again with particular influence on Assistance for Needy Families in 1997 and again in 2005. Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan used this theory in 1965 to support a publication about poor African Americans. This report stated that poor black people in America were stuck in a tangle of pathology and it was this pathology which caused the breakdown of the modern black family. It was argued that the traditional family among the African Americans during times of slavery was broken by slavery itself. It further stated that black males felt a sense of powerlessness during slavery which since that time had created a culture of dependency. This culture of dependency was argued to be the reason that traditional male headed households were declining among black families and the reason that black males were not succeeding as well in the social ladder. Overall the characteristics of the culture of poverty emphasize traits of maladaptive behaviors and attitudes from those who live in poverty. It is argued that people who live in poverty develop a subculture which adapts to the conditions, characterized by regular feelings of being marginalized, dependent, helpless and powerless. Furthermore those who live within a culture of poverty have no real sense of collective history and therefore cannot alleviate the condition based on collective action. Instead, these individuals focus on their own troubles and their own troubles alone. References: Owens, Patricia. The Family, the Culture of Poverty and Welfare Provision.  RAIN  63 (1984): 6. Web. Ravenhill, Megan.  The Culture of Homelessness. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008. Print. Redeaux, Monique. The Culture of Poverty Reloaded.  Monthly Review  63.3 (2011): 96. Web. Rodman, Hyman.  Lower-Class Families. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971. Print. Tuason, Ma. Teresa. Culture Of Poverty: Lessons From Two Case Studies of Poverty in the Philippines; One Became Rich, the Other One Stayed Poor.  Online Readings in Psychology and Culture  8.1 (2002): n. pag. Web. Van Til, Sally Bould.  Work and the Culture of Poverty. San Francisco: R and E Research Associates, 1976. Print. Wasserman, Jason Adam, and Jeffrey M Clair.  At Home on the Street. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2010. Print.